Call us today at 607.382.7712 to reserve one of our luxurious limousines for your special day, or to inquire about our fun-filled packages.
Reservation RequestHarbor Hotel Reservation112–96 substituted “603(b)(5)” for “603(b)(6)”. 111–5, § 2101(d)(2), struck out “(or if the immediately preceding fiscal year is fiscal year 2008, 2009, or 2010, then, at State option, during the emergency fund base year of the State with respect to the average monthly assistance caseload of.
We’re dedicated to delivering the most enjoyable, entertaining and satisfying Limousine service possible.
Luxury Limos is owned and operated by Anthony and Renee’ Falco and is dedicated to delivering the most enjoyable, entertaining and satisfying Limousine service possible.
Luxury Limos guarantees on-time service by professional and friendly Limousine drivers.
Your Luxury Limo will arrive fully stocked and sparkling clean. Your driver will be professionally attired and happily at your service.
Remember, with Luxury Limos, we drive, you enjoy!
We proudly enjoy providing affordable, professional limousine service to individuals and businesses throughout the Southern Tier of NY and Northern PA including the following communities: Alfred NY, Hornell NY, Bath NY, Corning NY, Sayre PA, Watkins Glen NY and Elmira NY. To learn more about our service area, please click here.
Call us now at 607.382.7712 to reserve your limo for your special occasion.
Luxury Limos has the perfect limousine for your Prom, Wedding, Wine Tour, Shopping Trip or Executive Travel need. We are a locally owned and managed company and proudly offer fully insured. , courteous, professionally attired and licensed drivers.
Luxury Limos enjoys providing professional limousine service to clients through-out the Finger Lakes, Southern Tier of New York, and the Northern Tier Regions of Pennsylvania. Our service area includes Corning, Elmira, Watkins Glen, Waverly, Hornell, Bath, Finger Lakes Wine Trails and parts of Pennsylvania.
Please call us today to discuss our affordable rates and outstanding service for your next:
Wedding
Party
Wine Tour
Executive Travel
Airport Run
Prom
Special Occasion
Your address description goes here.</p>','color':','maker':'https://luxurylimosonline.com/wp-content/plugins/onepress-plus/assets/images/map-marker.png','zoom':10,'scrollwheel':false,'items_address':[]}'>
We provide transportation to these local events and many more!
OCTOBER TERM, 1991
Syllabus
REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA ET AL. v. WELTOVER, INC., ET AL.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
No. 91-763. Argued April 1, 1992-Decided June 12, 1992
As part of a plan to stabilize petitioner Argentina's currency, that country and petitioner bank (collectively Argentina) issued bonds, called 'Bonods,' which provided for repayment in United States dollars through transfer on the market in one of several locations, including New York City. Concluding that it lacked sufficient foreign exchange to retire the Bonods when they began to mature, Argentina unilaterally extended the time for payment and offered bondholders substitute instruments as a means of rescheduling the debts. Respondent bondholders, two Panamanian corporations and a Swiss bank, declined to accept the rescheduling and insisted on repayment in New York. When Argentina refused, respondents brought this breach-of-contract action in the District Court, which denied Argentina's motion to dismiss. The Court of Appeals affirmed, ruling that the District Court had jurisdiction under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA), 28 U. S. C. § 1602 et seq., which subjects foreign states to suit in American courts for, inter alia, acts taken 'in connection with a commercial activity' that have 'a direct effect in the United States,' § 1605(a)(2).
Held: The District Court properly asserted jurisdiction under the FSIA.
Pp. 610-620.
(a) The issuance of the Bonods was a 'commercial activity' under the FSIA, and the rescheduling of the maturity dates on those instruments was taken 'in connection with' that activity within the meaning of § 1605(a)(2). When a foreign government acts, not as a regulator of a market, but in the manner of a private player within that market, its actions are 'commercial' within the meaning of the FSIA. Cf. Alfred Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Republic of Cuba, 425 U. S. 682, 695-706 (plurality opinion). Moreover, because § 1603(d) provides that the commercial character of an act is to be determined by reference to its 'nature' rather than its 'purpose,' the question is not whether the foreign government is acting with a profit motive or instead with the aim of fulfilling uniquely sovereign objectives. Rather, the issue is whether the government's particular actions (whatever the motive behind them) are the type of actions by which a private party engages in commerce. The Bonods are in almost all respects garden-variety debt instruments,
and, even when they are considered in full context, there is nothing about their issuance that is not analogous to a private commercial transaction. The fact that they were created to help stabilize Argentina's currency is not a valid basis for distinguishing them from ordinary debt instruments, since, under § 1603(d), it is irrelevant why Argentina participated in the bond market in the manner of a private actor. It matters only that it did so. Pp. 612-617.
(b) The unilateral rescheduling of the Bonods had a 'direct effect in the United States' within the meaning of § 1605(a)(2). Respondents had designated their accounts in New York as the place of payment, and Argentina made some interest payments into those accounts before announcing that it was rescheduling the payments. Because New York was thus the place of performance for Argentina's ultimate contractual obligations, the rescheduling of those obligations necessarily had a 'direct effect' in this country: Money that was supposed to have been delivered to a New York bank was not forthcoming. Argentina's suggestion that the 'direct effect' requirement cannot be satisfied where the plaintiffs are all foreign corporations with no other connections to this country is untenable under Verlinden B. V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 461 U. S. 480, 489. Moreover, assuming that a foreign state may be a 'person' for purposes of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, Argentina satisfied the 'minimum contacts' test of International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U. S. 310, 316, by issuing negotiable debt instruments denominated in United States dollars and payable in New York and by appointing a financial agent in that city. Pp. 617-620.
941 F.2d 145, affirmed.
SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Richard J. Davis argued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs were Steven Alan Reiss, Bonnie Garone, and Andreas F. Lowenfeld.
Richard W Cutler argued the cause for respondents.
With him on the brief was Joel 1. Klein.
Jeffrey P. Minear argued the cause for the United States as amicus curiae urging affirmance. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Starr, Assistant Attorney General Gerson, Deputy Solicitor General Roberts, Douglas Letter, and Edwin D. Williamson.
609
Full Text of Opinion